Guillotine
The guillotine is a machine used for decapitation.It consists of a tall upright frame (approx 4m high) from which is suspended a heavy triangular blade (approx 40kg). The blade is hauled to the top of the frame on a stout cord and held in place while the victim has his/her head placed in a restraining bar. The cord is released and the heavy blade falls a distance of 2.3m, severing the neck. (Heights and weights are the French standards.)
Guillotinelike devices (gibbets) existed and were used for executions in Britain before the French Revolution but the French developed the machine further and became the first nation to use it as a standard execution method. On April 25 1792 highwayman Nicolas J. Pelletier became the first person executed by guillotine.
It takes its name from Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, a French doctor, on whose suggestion it was introduced. The basis for his recommendation is believed to have been his perception that it was a humane form of execution, contrasting with methods such as hanging (often resulting in a long agony) or beheading with an ax (the executioner could miss the neck). There is some debate over this as some authorities believe that the victim can remain conscious for up to 30 seconds after decapitation.
The guillotine was the newest method of execution at the time, considered more humane than the previous methods. Before the guillotine, an executioner used a sword or axe. Sometimes it took repeated blows to completely sever the head. The family of the victim or the victim itself would sometimes pay the executioner to ensure that the blade was sharp in order for a quick and relatively painless death.
The guillotine was the only legal execution method in France until the death penalty's abolishment in 1981, apart from certain crimes against the security of the state. The last execution took place on September 10, 1977.
In France, executions by guillotine were also regarded as a public entertainment that attracted great crowds of spectators. The last public execution was of Eugene Weidmann, who was convicted for six murders. It took place on September 10, 1939 at 4:32 in the afternoon outside the prison Saint Pierre rue Georges Clémenceau 5 at Versailles, which is now the Palais de Justice. The scandalous behaviour of some of the onlookers on this occasion caused the authorities to decide that executions in the future were to take place in the prison courtyard.
From Napoleonic times, the guillotine was used in many places in Germany. The Nazis employed it extensively: twenty guillotines were in use in Germany and (from 1938) in Austria. As many as 20,000 people may have been executed; for an example see White Rose.
The guillotine was not, however, a French invention—although Guillotin is often named as its inventor, it had a history as a farm implement used for killing poultry in Germany, England, and Persia before being introduced as a method of capital punishment.
There is some conflict as to how the word guillotine should be pronounced. The word entered English from French in 1793, and since then authorities on pronunciation have debated, not whether guillotine should be pronounced GIL-uh-TEEN or GEE-yuh-TEEN, but whether it should be pronounced with a stress on the third syllable (GIL-uh-TEEN) or on the first.
Since, for several decades, stressing of the word's first syllable has held sway over stressing of the third, one question remains: is it the long-established GIL-uh-TEEN or the recently popular GEE-yuh-TEEN which should be said? Pronunciation pronunciator Charles Harrington Elster, in his Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations, calls GEE-yuh-TEEN "a pseudo-French affectation". He continues: "Careful speakers are expected to help hold the line on this one—on pain of beheading!"
Of course, it isn't crucial to heed Elster's highly biased, prescriptive advice.
Pronunciation note
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