Ideals

Ideals are principles or values that one actively pursues as goals. In ethics they are particularly important as the order in which one places them tends to determine the degree to which one reveals them as real and sincere.

For instance, someone who claims that they have an ideal of honesty but is willing to lie to protect a friend, is demonstrating that not only do they hold friendship as an ideal, but, it is more important than honesty.

In some theories of applied ethics, such as that of Rushworth Kidder, there is importance given to such orders as a way to resolve disputes. In law, for instance, a judge is often called on to resolve the balance between the ideal of truth, which would advise hearing out all evidence, and the ideal of fairness, which would require keeping some evidence unfairly gathered or impossible to validate out of the process.

In politics ideals play a pivotal role. During the French Revolution, the principles of "liberty, equality, fraternity" were raised to ideals. The Ten Key Values of the Green Party are likewise raised to such today. In both cases, one can easily find instances where ideals were "not lived up to" - some of which are cases where one simply proved to outweigh another for some specific decision, or where all were compromised simply to retain the power to continue to pursue them.

A different form of ideal is an idol or hero, who is held up as a moral example. Since this is an actual person or fictional character, it is too complex and multi-faceted to be considered an ideal in the abstract sense. However since they are encountered in the form of a story, with only a few traits on display, they are a simplified archetype from which can be very easily derived stereotypes or mimicry. In Islam for instance the life of Muhammad is held up as "ideal", but must be interpreted for believers through the tale of his life, or sira, and his many sayings, the hadith.

Given the complexity of putting ideals into practice, and resolving conflicts between them, it is not uncommon to see them reduced to dogma. One way to avoid this, according to Bernard Crick, is to have ideals that themselves are descriptive of a process, rather than an outcome. His political virtues try to raise the practical habits useful in resolving disputes into ideals of their own. A virtue, in general, is an ideal that one can make a habit.