Irritation
Irritation is an observable physiological reaction to a stimulus that the organism instinctually avoids. Assigning it the status of pain or pleasure is the perception of the being stimulated - which is not observable although it may be shared (see gate control theory of pain).We can't say that an oyster feels pain, but we can say it does react to something irritating it, to produce something that is useful to us, and not useful to it. Pearls do not attract mates for the oyster, they attract them for us. It seems impossible to find an evolutionary advantage for the ability to produce the pearl, thus it can be explained only as a reaction to an irritation.
We can also say that an amoeba avoids a pin we poke it with, but not how much it feels this. Irritation is apparently the only universal sense shared by even single-celled creatures.
It is postulated that most such beings also feel pain, but this is a projection - empathy. Some philosophers, notably Rene Descartes, denied it entirely, even for such higher mammals as dogs or primates like monkeys - to him, intelligence was a pre-requisite to even the feeling of pain.
Mating is a fascinating example of the complexity that can arise in considering irritation. Males generally pursue females in mating species - females avoid males that they assume are undesirable, or at bad times to bear young. Thus the physical aspects of sexual pursuit may irritate the female, and the pursuit may itself be an irritation. This changes when a desirable male approaches at the right time - at least insofar as the female considers it to be so.
So something which is an irritation at one time may serve a purpose, or even be a pleasure, at another. For these reasons mating is very often omitted from any discussion of irritation itself, and indeed prevents problems for discussions of pain and pleasure itself. Mating often involves both - and certainly motherhood also involves a great number of irritations, but with the third party observed advantage of passing on genes - that is, if one accepts that this is of any use.
Leaving mating and reproduction aside, and the rituals and consequences thereof, there are some objective things that can be said about irritation:
- it reduces order in at least part of the organism, say, by puncturing its skin, causing bleeding, etc.
- the organism avoids circumstances that seem to induce this reduction in order
