Tiny BASIC programming language

Table of contents

1 History 2 Tiny BASIC Grammar 3 Implementation 3.1 Interpretive language 4 External links

History

The language was first developed solely as a standards document, written primarily by Dennis Allison, a member of the Computer Science faculty at Stanford University. He was urged to create the standard by Bob Albrecht of the Homebrew Computer Club. He had seen BASIC on minicomputers, and felt it would be the perfect match for new machines like the MITS Altair 8800 which had just been released in 1975.

Bob and Dennis published the design document in a newsletter they called the People's Computer Company. In December 1975, Dick Whipple and John Arnold created an interpreter for the language that required only 3K of RAM. Bob and Dennis decided to publish this version in it's own newsletter, which they called Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia. In the 1976 issues several versions of Tiny BASIC, including design descriptions and full source code, were published. The magazine exists today as Dr. Dobb's.

Tiny BASIC Grammar

line ::= number statement CR | statement CR

statement ::= PRINT expr-list |
                     IF expression relop expression THEN statement |
                     GOTO expression
                     INPUT var-list
                     LET var = expression
                     GOSUB expression
                     RETURN
                     CLEAR
                     LIST
                     RUN
                     END

expr-list ::= (string | expression) (, (string | expression) * )

var-list ::= var (, var)*

expression ::= (+ | - | epsilon ) term (( + | -) term) *

term ::= factor  ( (* | / )  factor) *

factor ::= var | number | (expression)

var ::= A | B | C .... | Y | Z

number ::= digit digit *

digit ::= 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | ... | 8 | 9

relop ::= < ( > | =  |    | epsilon )    |      > ( < | =  |  epsilon )   |   =

A BREAK from the console will interrupt execution of the program

Implementation

For the implementation a interpretive language (IL) is used. An interpreter written in IL interpretes a line of Tiny Basic code and executes it. The IL is run on an abstract machine, which interpretes IL code. The idea to use an interpretive language goes back to Val Schorre (with META-II, 1964) and Glennie (Syntax Machine). See also virtual machine, CLI.

Interpretive language

The following table gives a partial list of the commands of the interpretive language in which the Tiny Baisc interpreter is written. The length of the whole interpreter program is only 120 of IL operations. Thus the choice of an interpretive approach allowed to economize on memory space and implemenatation effort, though the programs as such were executed somewhat slower. (Source: Dr. Dobb's Journal -Volume 1 Number 1, 1976 p. 12)

TST lbl, 'string'	If string matches the BASIC line advance cursor over the matched string and execute the next IL instruction If the test failes execute the IL instruction at the label lbl
CALL lbl	Execute the IL subroutine starting at lbl. Save the IL address following the CALL on the control stack
RTN	Return to the IL location specified at the top of the control stack
DONE	Report a syntax error if after deleting leading blanks the cursor is not positioned to reach a carriage return.
JUMP lbl	Continue execution of the IL at the label specified.
PRS	Print characters from the BASIC text up to but not including the closing quotation mark
PRN	Print number obtained by popping the top of the expression stack
SPC	Insert spaces to move the print head to next zone
NLINE	output a CRLF to the printer

External links

• Lecture notes
• Tiny BASIC written in SmallBasic
• Tiny Basic download - a more 1985 implementation based on Li-Chen Wang's Palo Alto 8080 TINY BASIC as published in the May 1976 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia
• TBL A similar IL used to implement the first successful compilers for PL/I, Fortran, etc., on minicomputers with limited memory
• 68000 Tiny BASIC which was based on Li-Chen Wang's work and published in the 100th edition of Dr. Dobb's Journal.